Rabu, 23 Mei 2012

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 1


CONDITIONAL  SENTENCE   TYPE   1

                    Read these sentences:
                    1.   If you pass the hall, you will see Krida Loka conference room.
                    2.   It will take about 5 minutes if you go there on foot.

                    NOTES:

                    1.   The sentences consist of two clauses, the main clause and the If clause.
                    2.   The   If   clause   gives   a   condition  to   the   main   clause.
                         The condition is introduced with “IF”, that is why it is called an IF-conditional clause. 
                          The condition is real in a sense that the condition may actually happen in the future.
                    3.   The   main   clause   tells   us   the   result   if   the   condition happens.
                           It is called a result clause.
                    4.   The main clause takes future tense, as in:
                         -     You will see Krida Loka conference room
                         -     It will take about five minutes
                         ( Notes: the use of other present modals is possible, such as:   can   or   may)
5.   The If clause takes simple present tense, as in:
                         -     If you pass the hall
                         -     If you go there on foot.
                    6.   The If clause can be in initial or final position. When you put it in the initial position, 
                          don’t   forget   to   put   a comma   (,).

Although or In Spite of


Although or In Spite of
Study the sentence.
•    Although she said they had non-slip soles and were fully waterproof, my feet were soaked
      when I wore them in the rain yesterday.
Study this example situation:
Last year Jaka and Joni spent their holidays by the sea. It rained a lot but they enjoyed themselves.
You can say:
•    Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.(= It rained a lot but they ....) or
•    In spite of  the rain, they enjoyed themselves.

After although/even though/though we use a subject + verb.
After in spite of (or despite) we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or Verb-ing

 
 
Exercises
Complete these sentences with although or in spite of.
  1.     ....       all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
  2.    ....        I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
  3.    I love music  ....    I can’t play a musical instrument.
  4.    ...   being very tired, we carried on walking.
  5.    The heating was full on, but   ...   this the house was still cold.

Obligation/Necessity


Obligation/Necessity

Some expressions commonly used to express obligations are as follows:
·         I must try it again.
·         Do  you have to go now? Yes, I do.
·         I have to keep it.
·         You have to come on time.
·         It is necessary for us to be there.

But, if you think it is not a necessary thing, you can say:
·         You don’t have to go now.
·         He doesn’t have to do it.
·         You don’t need to go to school because it’s a holiday.
·         It is not necessary for us to go now.

  1. Positive Obligations
1. S +must+verb
            Example: I must save my money.
2. S+have/has to+verb
     Examples:         You have to come on time.
                                He has to meet the manager at 7 a.m.
3. S+need to+verb
     Examples: I need to visit the landslide victims.
                        He needs to look at the map.

  1. Negative Obligations
S+must not+ verb
Example: You must not smoke here.
  1. No Obligation
1.       S+don’t have+verb
Example: You don’t have to go to school because it’s a holiday.
2.       S+don’t need to+verb
Example: You don’t need to do it.

  1. Past Obligation
S+had to+verb
Example: I had to take part in the meeting last night.
Note:

Ø  Must is stronger than have to and indicates urgency or stresses importance
e.g.: They have to attend the Flag Ceremony at 7 a.m.
                  The leader must be a model.
Ø  do not have to = lack of necessity      
e.g.: She doesn’t have to work overtime if she can finish her work now.
Ø  must not = prohibition                                                               
You mustn’t tell anyone what I said.