CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 1

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCE   TYPE   1

                    Read these sentences:

                    1.   If you pass the hall, you will see Krida Loka conference room.

                    2.   It will take about 5 minutes if you go there on foot.

                    NOTES:

                    1.   The sentences consist of two clauses, the main clause and the If clause.

                    2.   The   If   clause   gives   a   condition  to   the   main   clause.

                         The condition is introduced with “IF”, that is why it is called an IF-conditional clause. 

                          The condition is real in a sense that the condition may actually happen in the future.

                    3.   The   main   clause   tells   us   the   result   if   the   condition happens.

                           It is called a result clause.

                    4.   The main clause takes future tense, as in:

                         -     You will see Krida Loka conference room

                         -     It will take about five minutes

                         ( Notes: the use of other present modals is possible, such as:   can   or   may)

5.   The If clause takes simple present tense, as in:

                         -     If you pass the hall

                         -     If you go there on foot.

                    6.   The If clause can be in initial or final position. When you put it in the initial position, 

                          don’t   forget   to   put   a comma   (,).

Although or In Spite of

Although or In Spite of

Study the sentence.

•    Although she said they had non-slip soles and were fully waterproof, my feet were soaked

      when I wore them in the rain yesterday.

Study this example situation:

Last year Jaka and Joni spent their holidays by the sea. It rained a lot but they enjoyed themselves.

You can say:

•    Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.(= It rained a lot but they ....) or

•    In spite of  the rain, they enjoyed themselves.

After although/even though/though we use a subject + verb. After in spite of (or despite) we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or Verb-ing

 

Exercises

Complete these sentences with although or in spite of.

  1.     ....       all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

  2.    ....        I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.

  3.    I love music  ....    I can’t play a musical instrument.

  4.    ...   being very tired, we carried on walking.

  5.    The heating was full on, but   ...   this the house was still cold.

Obligation/Necessity

Obligation/Necessity

Some expressions commonly used to express obligations are as follows:

·         I must try it again.

·         Do  you have to go now? Yes, I do.

·         I have to keep it.

·         You have to come on time.

·         It is necessary for us to be there.

But, if you think it is not a necessary thing, you can say:

·         You don’t have to go now.

·         He doesn’t have to do it.

·         You don’t need to go to school because it’s a holiday.

·         It is not necessary for us to go now.

1. Positive Obligations

1. S +must+verb

            Example: I must save my money.

2. S+have/has to+verb

     Examples:         You have to come on time.

                                He has to meet the manager at 7 a.m.

3. S+need to+verb

     Examples: I need to visit the landslide victims.

                        He needs to look at the map.

2. Negative Obligations

S+must not+ verb

Example: You must not smoke here.

3. No Obligation

1.       S+don’t have+verb

Example: You don’t have to go to school because it’s a holiday.

2.       S+don’t need to+verb

Example: You don’t need to do it.

4. Past Obligation

S+had to+verb

Example: I had to take part in the meeting last night.

Note:

Ø  Must is stronger than have to and indicates urgency or stresses importance e.g.: They have to attend the Flag Ceremony at 7 a.m.                   The leader must be a model. Ø  do not have to = lack of necessity       e.g.: She doesn’t have to work overtime if she can finish her work now. Ø  must not = prohibition                                                                You mustn’t tell anyone what I said.